The Celts (700 BC), the Romans (55, 54 BC Caesar; 44, 77 AD Agricola), the Scotts from Ireland, the Picts from far north, the Anglo-Saxons (6th century), the Vikings (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes)

2. Who were the Druids?

The ancient Celtic priests and teachers, religious leaders, before Christianity.

3. What is Hadrian's Wall?

A stone wall which the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered to be built across the north of England in 122 AD from the east coast to the west, in order to defend Roman Britain from attack by northern tribes. Every 15 miles - fort. In Northumberland.

4. What do the words "Danelaw" and "Danegeld" stand for?

Area conquered by the Danes, money (ransom) paid to the invaders.

5. What do you know about the battle of Hastings?

14 Oct 1066, the Norman King William the Conqueror defeated the army of the English King Harold.

6. Trace the history of religious on the British Isles up to the final conversion to Christianity.

Druids, paganism, -> pagan Romans, eradicated druids, -> 391 Theodosius ordered the closure of all pagan temples, -> 597 Pope Gregory sent mission to convert Anglo-Saxons, St. Augustine - missionary; monasteries, churches, by 8th century Christianized.

7. What changes did the Romans bring to Britain?

Introduction of towns, baths in each, aqueducts, drainage, sewage, walls against invasions, armed camps, villas, introduces some vegetables and fruits.

8. When was England part of a Scandinavian Empire? The Angevin Empire?

11th cent. 1154 - end of the 14th century.

9. Comment on the origin of names like Gloucester, Worcester, Essex, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday.

Gloucester, Worcester - “castra” meaning the armed camp (lat.), Essex - east Saxons, Thursday - Vikings' strongest god of thunder Thor, Friday - Freya's day.

10. Which languages of Britain are of Celtic origin?

Gaelic, Erse (Scottish and Irish), Welsh, Irish.

11. What historical significance does the Bayeux Tapestry have?

A tapestry (large piece of heavy woven cloth) 70m long, made in Bayeux (France) in 11th-12th centuries, whose pictures tell the story of the Norman Conquest.

12. When was Westminster Abbey built? Rebuilt?

11th century, 13th century.

13. In what document is the story of the Viking invasion told?

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

14. What is Witenagemot?

The council of the nobility and top clergy in 10th century.

15. What was the capital of Anglo-Saxon and early Norman England?

Winchester.

16. How was the royal household expected to be financed in the medieval times? When did this practice end?

The king was believed to be the richest landowner, expected to live off his own. Then system of taxation - the knights were encouraged to stay in their manors and improve, pay taxes, rather than serve the king at the court. Ended when the Civil List was introduced, money was given by the Parliament.

17. When was trial by jury introduced? How did it work?

12th century, jurors were the witnesses themselves. Nobody could be convicted unless jurors swore that there was the case against somebody.

18. In what war was the battle of Crecy fought? What was its result?

The Hundred Years War. 1356. Prince of Wales (Black Prince) defeated the French.

19. What document was signed at Runneymede? In what year? What were its provisions?

Magna Charta, 1215. ~ 1st English constitution, lay down the foundation of the government, 60 articles. Most important - no free man was to be arrested, imprisoned except by the law of land (presumption of innocence); no tax should be introduced without the approval of thee Council. Privileges to boroughs - charted town, guaranteed freedom of cities.

20. What are the crusades?

8 wars led by Christian European kings in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries to get control of Palestine from the Muslims, since both sides believed that Palestine was a holy land in their religion.

21. How and when did Parliament emerge in England?

13th century - 1265. Great councils more and more often, representatives from shires, towns came to meetings. In 1350 divided into HL and HC.

22. How was the feudal system organized under William the Conqueror?

Brought 170 tenants-in-chief, 5,000 knights. The honour (land) - to tenants-in-chief, manors - to knights. Ruling class - tenants, knights (gentry class), bishops (appointed by the King). William gave orders to tenants, they to knights. Common people belonged to the knights.

23. Why did the Hundred Years' War start? How did it end?

1337-1453. Attempt to reclaim the Angevin Empire, tried to keep control of lands in France. The French won and forced the English to leave France.

24. What is the Domesday Book?

The record of all the lands in England, showing their size, value, ownership, etc., made in 1086 on the orders of William the Conqueror.

25. What do you know about Thomas Becket?

The Archbishop of Canterbury, who was killed by Henry II's soldiers (1170) in Canterbury Cathedral (“Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?”). Becket was his friend. He was appointed Lord Chancellor, then became the Archbishop and began to claim estates from the noble people as being Church property. Then he declared that no power, but himself should appoint a priest to any church in England. Henry II tried to reduce the power of the Church. They quarreled, then Becket resigned and changed lifestyle to humility and self-denial, went to France for 6 years.

26. What are the royal regalia?

Ceremonial clothes and decorations. Crown, scepter, orb, + sword of state.

27. Who is Wolsey?

An English Cardinal, and politician who was rich and powerful, but lost power after failing to persuade the Pope to allow Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragon. Accused of high treason, died just in time.

28. When and how were the feudal system and the power of the medieval nobility broken?

15th century. Continuous fighting among the noble people, the Wars of the Roses (civil war), physically wiped out, and common people stayed away from fighting. Battle of Bosworth, 1485 - end of medieval England.

29. What character in English history was called the King-maker? Why?

During the Wars of the Roses, Earl of Warwick, decided to interfere, and Edward IV became the king with his help.

30. What do you know about Thomas More?

An English politician and writer, he was the King's adviser, Lord Chancellor, but when he opposed the King's divorce and refused to accept him as the head of the Church of England, was put in prison and beheaded.

31. Name the main Tudor kings. What was the success of the Tudor rule based on?

Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I. Absolute monarchy, set fashions in every field of public life, felt public opinion, gave rise to a new elite - the gentry, trade flourished, avoided expensive wars.

32. How did the Church of England emerge?

In 1527 Henry VIII wanted to remarry (Catherine of Aragon -> Anne Boleyn), the Pope didn't acknowledge his divorce (was influenced by the Spanish king, Catherine's nephew), in 1533 broke off with Vatican, announced himself a supreme head of the Church of England.

33. Who is Thomas Cranmer? What is he best remembered for?

The Archbishop of Canterbury, first after the creation of C of E, one of the leaders of Reformation. Granted the King his divorce.

34. The causes, two main periods and the results of the Wars of the Roses.

Dynastic crisis, Plantagenets perished, the rivalry between House of Lancasters and House of Yorks led to the civil war (1455-1485). The Battle of St. Albans (1455) - Richard of York (won) versus Henry VI. Queen Margaret (1960) - Lancaster. Edward IV (York). Richard III. 1485 - Henry VII Tudor. The Battle of Bosworth. End of medieval England, rise of new elite, Tudors came to the throne.

35. Who is William Cecil?

Elizabeth's adviser, secretary. She had a good talent in choosing advisers in ruling. Cecils were commoners, but she made him Lord Burleigh.

36. What do you know about the dissolution of monasteries? Its social consequences.

In the beginning of 1530s in England were about 800 catholic monasteries. 1536-1540 all the monasteries were closed, the lands and belongings passed to the king's treasury. Then the king sold the lands to gentry, it created a huge landowning class, which had political influence until the 19th century.

37. How did the interior of and service in the English church change as a result of the establishment of the Church of England?

1549 - Book of Common Prayer, retained much of Catholic practice, including mass. More radical (1552) - Catholic mass disappeared, introduced penalty. 1559 - Act of Uniformity. Service of the Holly Communion replaced the mass, Morning Prayer said in English, psalm singing, vicar delivered sermon from the pulpit. Before appealed to the eye, now to the ear. Appearance of churches changed - interior almost bare, Royal Arms instead of the image of Jesus Christ, relics, altar, pyx gone, walls whitewashed, no paintings, clergymen wore surplice. Abolition of church music.

38. What character in English history is called "Bloody Mary"? Why?

Mary, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Wanted to convert the country to Catholicism. Lots of execution (Thomas Cranmer), reign was almost a disaster, unsuccessful war with France.

39. In what document is the doctrine of the Anglican Church contained? When was the final version of it adopted? How did the doctrine develop from Henry VIII to Elizabeth?

42 Articles of Faith 1552 by Cranmer. In 1562 - modified to 39, and in 1571 was imposed by the Parliament as the doctrine of C of E - till nowadays. More radical but proved to be the golden mean, meant different for different people.

40. What does Elizabethan religious settlement imply?

Protestants wanted to go further, to Calvinism, Catholics to preserve Catholicism. She was a protestant, but not religious, didn't care much; motivated by political reasons had to come back to the C of E. In 1559 - Act of Supremacy (finally abolished foreign interference in English ecclesiastical affairs). Act of Uniformity (1559). She wanted moderate Protestantism, but majority wanted more radical form. Under pressure in 1552 issued the 2nd Prayer Book, which was more radical than she wanted.

41. Elizabeth versus Mary Stuart.

Mary was the Queen of Scotland (Elizabeth's cousin). She has been married to the Dauphin, the heir of the French king. As the Roman Church never recognized the marriage (Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn), she claimed the English Crown. Mary was accused of murder of her second husband and was imprisoned, signed her abdication, then managed to escape to England. Elizabeth didn't want Mary to be executed. Mary spent in prison 19 years, then executed for high treason.

42. Elizabethan foreign policies and their effect on the treasury.

England was not a great power, European countries dominated. England secretly did harm to them (pirates - got a lot of money to the treasury, so she didn't punish them), and aided the Netherlands against Spain. Philip II, the Spanish King and “bloody” Mary's husband, also supporting Mary Stuart - conflicted with Elizabeth. Sent fleet to defeat England, but England won the Invincible Armada and became the Mistress of the Seas. Financial problems, Elizabeth considered to be very miserly.

43. The main causes of the conflict between King and Parliament in the mid-17th century.

2 main problems when Stuarts replaced Tudors - religious and financial. Lack of money in the treasury, the Parliament refused to introduce any ordinary taxation. James I got rid of the Parliament. Also James stated that Puritanism in his country couldn't be tolerated.

44. In what war was the battle of Naseby fought?

14th June 1645. The First Civil War. The first defeat of royalists.

45. Name the Stuart kings and queens.

James I, Charles I. After Restoration - Charles II, James II, Mary II, William III, Queen Anne.

46. What do you know about Guy Fawkes?

The Gunpowder Plot. 5th November 1605. He wanted to blow up the Parliament, when the King, the Lords and the Commons should be there. The Plot was disclosed, Fawkes imprisoned, found guilty, executed.

47. What event is commonly referred to as Regicide? How popular and lawful was it?

The execution of Charles I. People considered this to be a horrible event because they believed him to be lord-anointed. He was convicted not by the court of law but by a legislative assembly.

48. Under what circumstances was it possible for English kings to rule without Parliament? What kings did it? When was this finally stopped?

James I got rid of the Parliament. Charles I also. When Charles I had to summon the Parliament because he needed money badly (Scotts invaded the country and demanded money, to prevent from active war) - summoned the Long Parliament. It started passing laws - no dissolution of the Parliament without its consent, no type of taxation without its consent, king able to summon the Parliament when wanted, but at least in 3 years.

49. What events took place in England between 1642 and 1649?

In 1642 the King went to the North to assemble the army to fight with the Parliament. Nobody wanted the war but the chance for compromise was lost, Charles refused to abolish the royal prerogatives, so the war was inevitable. The Parliament created the “New Model Army” which defeated the Royal Army. Charles was captured but fled to the Isle of Wight, then arrested, put on trial, executed (1649).

50. What period is called the Personal Rule? How did it end?

1629-1640, Charles I, had problems with money, wanted to avoid wars, to raise money by royal prerogatives, granted new monopolies, remembered old taxes, conflicted with the Parliament and finally he didn't summon. Peace with France and Spain, commercial prosperity. Ended with 2 civil wars and execution.

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