he sentences with the predicate with the complicating element of the given type is characterized by the possibility of application of transformation of nominalization to them N be A to V > Nv be A (He was certain to come > His coming was certain), and also transformation N be A to V > It be A that N V (He was certain to come > It was certain that he would come).

2) The predicates with the complicating elements, denoting physical, psychological or other characteristics of the subject, which is put in the relation with the action, designated by the infinitive.

The circle of lexical units, used as a complicating element here is wider than that in the previous group. The difference in their semantics, correlating with the definite structural differences, can serve as a base for further articulation of the material:

а) Content part of the complicating element denotes capability, necessity, possibility (for the subject) to commit the action. These are the adjectives like able/unable, capable, free, welcome, bound:

Then she would be able to enjoy holiday in peace. (I. Murdoch)

'This flirtation is bound to end pretty soon.' (I. Murdoch)

It is clearly seen the correlation with the group of modal characteristics of active-verbal complication.

b) Content element of complication names the psychic characteristics, expressing attitude of the subject to the action: glad, sorry, ashamed and many others:

Dr. Kroll will be happy to show you the hospital itself later.' (D, Lessing)

She was eager to tell me. (C. P. Snow)

Моr was relieved to be with him for a moment. (I. Murdoch)

The differences of morphological nature of content element of complicator (adjective and participle) determine the participation of the sentences with appropriate predicates in the series of equivalent transformations (1) and (2):

N be A to V > to V make N A > It make N A to V He was happy to come. > To come made him happy. > It made him happy to come.

N be Vl en to V2 > to V2 Vl N > It V1 N to V2 He was amazed to see that. > To see that amazed him. > It amazed him to see that.

c) Adjectives as a part of complication in the given group denotes an objective feature, typical to the subject in the relation with the action named by the infinitive. As a complicating element come forward such adjectives as quick, slow, fit, apt, ready:

He was quick to seize on this unexpected gesture of friendliness [...] (H. E. Bates) [...]

I was slow to pick up the reference. (C. P. Snow)

You weren't fit to take it,' she said. (C. P. Snow)

The boundary between the groups b) and c) is not absolute and appropriate difference is not always manifested. For example, in the sentence But only now I was prepared to listen. (D. Lessing) prepared can be considered both as a denoting position, taken by the subject in the relation to the action expressed by the infinitive and as objective feature of relation, existing between the subject and the action.

d) Content element of complication -- adjective expressing (in subjective interpretation of the author of utterance) feature typical to the subject in the relation with the action that it does: stupid, wise, mad, cruel, right, wrong, good and so on:

You are quite right never to read such nonsense.

He had been wrong to let the boy get away.

You have been cruel to me to go away.

Distinctive feature of the constructions that belong to this group is the possibility of the following transformational formations: N be A to V > to V be A p N > It be A p N to V. He was mad to come. > To come was mad of him. > It was mad of him to come.

e) The structures, combined in this subgroup, outwardly coincide with those, which were considered above. But there is difference of semantic structure, which are clearly seen in transformational level of analyses, for example:

Lost dogs are dreadful to think about. (J. Galsworthy)

She was good to look at in a broad way. (P. Abrahams)

Implicit meaning is peculiar to the components of the construction(the subject and the infinitive) : for the first one -- object, for the second one :-- passiveness, that determine the peculiarities of transformational constructions which differ from depicted above:

Verbal and adjective complications can be combined:

Moira seemed not to be able to move. (D. Lessing)

The first words may be more difficult to memorise than later ones.

(K. L. Pike)

C H A P T E R II

The ways and problems of translating predicate from English into Uzbek.

1.2 The link-verbs in English and their translation into Uzbek and Russian

In shaping the predicate the differences of language systems become apparent stronger and multilaterally than in shaping the subject. This is stipulated by the capacity and importance of the given part of the sentence. Apollova M.A. Specific English (grammatical problems of translation) M, 1977, p29 Actually, the predicate bears greater number of grammatical relations than the subject does.

The object itself, about which we are talking can reveal itself i.e. determine itself really only through actions and functions which are expressed by the predicate. The predicate connects the doer with the object and the modifiers of the action. That is why the predicate is factual center, which gravitates and gathers subgroups of all parts of the sentence.

This happens in any language. But it is vividly seen in English, where one cannot omit any main parts of the sentence. Here it is indicative to compare Uzbek and English composite nominal predicate.

Mening akam - muhandis. - My brother is an engineer.

The predicate can be expressed by two types of verbs: verbs denoting action, and the verbs denoting existence and objective reality. The use of the verbs of the first group as a predicate does not differ greatly form the appropriate Uzbek verbs of action, that's why we shall not stop at the predicate, expressed by the verb of action. We shall consider the verbs of the second group, which includes to be and to have, in the meaning and use of which it is observed essential divergence in comparison with the appropriate Uzbek bo'moq and ega bo'lmoq.

1. Verb to be

English verb to be corresponds to Uzbek verb `bo'moq'. In its main meaning `bor bo'moq' as it is well-known, verb ` bo'moq' is used in the past and future tenses, but in present tense it is usually omitted. But in English it is obligatory to use the copula verb in the present tense too. Compare the senetences:

Men honada edim.- I was in the room.

Men honada bo'laman.- I'll be in the room.

Men honada. - I am in the room.

Except the present tense (omitting copula verb in Uzbek and its obligatory presence in English - generally, it is formal circumstance, connected with the different structure of two languages), here the use and the meaning of `to be' coincide with `bo'lmoq' too. But the similarity exhausts here. Verb `to be' is much richer in its potential semantic possibilities than Uzbek `bo'lmoq'. Thus, depending on the context, it can obtain the meaning `the state in the space', for example:

The book is on the table- Kitob stolda yotibdi. -Книга лежит на столе..

The table is in the middle of the room- Stol hona o'rtasida turibdi.- Стол стоит посреди комнаты.

The picture is on the wall- Sur'at devorda osilib turibdi.- Картина висит на стене.

Let's look at some more important of its numerous meanings:

1. “bo'lmoq, qatnashmoq”

She'll be here all the day- U bu yerda butun kun davomida bo'ladi.

Kitty was here for the holidays.- Kiti bu yerga ta'til payti kelgan edi.

John was at the meeting, too. - Jon ham majlisda qatnashdi.

2. ` sodir bo'lmoq, bor bo'lmoq'

It was only last year.- But faqat o'tgan yili sodir bo'lgan edi.

3. `teng bo'lmoq, tashkil etmoq'

Twice two is four.- Ikki kara ikki to'rtga teng.

4. `turadi (narxlar haqida)'

How much is the hat? - Bu shlyapa qancha turadi?

5. 'iborat bo'lmoq'

The trouble was we did not know her address.- Muammo shundan iborat ediki biz uning manzilgohini bilmagan edik.- Беда состояла в том, что мы не знали ее адреса.

In prefect forms to be acquires the meaning `tashrif buyurmoq, borib turmoq'

I hear you've been to Switzerland this summer. - Mening eshitishimcha sen Shvetsariyaga borib kelibsan. -Я слышал, вы ездили в Швейцарию летом.

Has anyone been?- Kimdir kelgan edimi?- Кто-нибудь заходил?

I've been for a walk. - Men sayr qilib kelgan edim-Я прогулялся.

The verb to be in definite word combinations can acquire other meanings too:

Mr Black and Mr White were at school together when they were boys.- Janob Blek va Janob Uaytlar bolaliklarida bitta maktabda o'qishgan.- В детстве м-р Блэк и м-р Уайт учились в одной школе.

Are the boys in bed? -Bolalar uhlashayaptimi?-Мальчики спят?

In English a number of stable combinations with the verb to be were formed, which are translated into Uzbek and Russian as a rule by the combinations of the verbs of action. For example:

Не was ill at ease. - U uzini noqulay his qilardi.-Он чувствовал себя неловко.

Are you in earnest? -Siz jiddiy gapirayapsizmi?-Вы говорите серьезно?

Yossarian was as bad at shooting skeet as he was at gambling. He could never win money gambling either. Even when he cheated he couldn't win, because the people he cheated against were always better at cheating too. -Iossaryan huddi qartalarda uynaganidek likopchalarni ham yomon nishonga olardi. U hech qachon yuta olmasdi, hattoki qalloblik qilgan taqdirda ham, chunki u aldashga uringan odamlar, qalloblik bo'yicha undan ustun edilar.- Иоссарьян так же плохо стрелял по тарелкам, как и играл в карты. Ему никогда не удавалось выиграть. Он не мог выиграть, даже когда мошенничал, потому что люди, которых он пытался обмануть, превосходили его и в мошенничестве.

In these last combinations to be loses its independent meaning keeping only the function of copula verb. This happens in all composite nominal predicates, expressed by the combination of the verb `to be+ noun/ adjective/ postposition' and so on.

Let's stop in our statement at some word combinations with the verb to be, omitting word combinations of to be with nouns like he is a turner, the task is easy and so оn, which have been spoken enough about in the grammar of English language and which do not represent any difficulty for mastering, for they have little difference from the appropriate Uzbek and Russian word combinations. We shall pay attention to individual word combinations with to be, particularly characteristic to English language and that's why they are of special interest for us. It is well-known, what meaning the postpositions possess in English. With the help of postpositions, which join a number of more often used English verbs, which enter the main vocabulary fund (to do, to go, to come, to make, to put, to give, to take and so on), the verbs with new meanings are formed. But when adding the postposition to the verbs of action the meaning of initial verb in the combination is either kept equally with the meaning of the added postposition, or the formed word combination acquires idiomatic meaning, and when adding the postposition to the verb to be the main semantic burden is carried by the postposition. For example:

Is Mr Brown in? - Janob Braun uydalarmi?-М-р Браун дома?

No, he is out.- Yo'q u chiqib ketdilar- Нет, его нет. (Он вышел.)

Mr Brown is away at present. - Hozir Janob Braun safarda.- В настоящее время м-р Браун в отъезде.

I hear Mr Brown is back. - Eshitishimcha janob Braun qaytib kelganmish- Я слышал, м-р Браун вернулся.

I am through with my work. - Men ishimni tugatdim-Я закончил работу.

Many of these postpositions are polysemantic.

The train is off. - Poezd ketdi.-Поезд ушел.

The meeting was off. Majlis o'tkazilmadi.-Собрание не состоялось.

The lights were on. -Chiroqlar yoqildi.-Свет был включен.

What is on at our cinema?- Kinoteatrda hozir nima ketyapti?- Что идет в нашем кинотеатре?

The children are not up yet. - Bolalar hali turishmadi.-Дети еще не встали.

The prices for foodstuffs were up. - Iste'mol mollari narhi ko'tarildi. -Цены на продовольственные товары повысились.

Your time is up. -Sizga ajratilgan vaqt tugadi.-Ваше время истекло.

Dictionary records a large number of stable word combinations with postpositions: to be about to do smth.- -moqchi (rejalashtirilgan ish harakat)- собираться, намереваться сделать что-л.;

to be up to smth.- boshlab qo'ymoq-замышлять, затевать что-л.;

to be up to smb. - bog'liq bo'lmoq-зависеть от кого-л.,.

to be for (some place) - yo'lga chiqmoq-отправляться, ехать куда-л and so on.

One can notice how wider English to be is used than Uzbek `bo'lmoq' and Russian `быть'. This is very evident in a number of cases where Englishmen prefer composite nominal predicate, which consists of copula verb `to be' and an adjective or participle I or II which have the meaning of appropriate verb, to simple verbal predicate. For example:

Still she was hesitant. (instead was hesitating) -U hali ham ikkilanayotgan edi. -Она все еще колебалась.

Не felt that everyone disapproved of Scarlett and was contemptuous of him. (instead contempted him) - U atrofdagilar Skarletni hush ko'rmasliklarini undan esa hazar qilishlarini his qilardi. -Он чувствовал, что все вокруг не одобряют Скарлетт и презирают его.

These visits were disappointing. - Bu tashriflar uni hafsalasini pir qildi.-Эти визиты разочаровывали (ее).

She was shocked and unbelieving. -U dovdirab qoldi va bunga ishonmasdi.-Она была поражена и не верила этому.

Are you insulting, young man? - Siz, yigitcha, meni haqorat qilmoqchimiz?- Вы что, хотите оскорбить меня, молодой человек?

As it is clearly seen from the examples, the combination of the link- verb to be with the adjective or participle I or II is equal to the appropriate verb (ikkilanmoq, hazar qilmoq and etc.), using which we translate the given word combination into Uzbek and Russian.

The usability of this form led to the origin in the speech of such stable word combinations with to be. For example:

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