For example, we face with the word guillotine in the Bulgarian translation of Sheakspear's work: “Essex slowly mounted the guillotine.” The mistake is not very grave from temporal point of view. There already existed the machine for execution in XVI - XVII centuries in Italy and Scotland and also in France where Duke de Monmorancy was beheaded with the help of such machine. The mistake is that famous doctor Josef Ignak Giyoten invented his machine that got his name only 200 years later. Here we see the translator's history unknowing. Of course, the word scaffold should be used there. We can see it from the context: “ He slowly mounted…” One can never mount the guillotine but only scaffold.

The reason of such mistakes regarding national and historical coloring is connected with author's or translator's personality, his unknowing of real facts and historical situation and sometimes their unknowing of some principal positions of theory translation, for example, about bad results of strange realia substitution for a realia from translator's native language.

CONCLUSION.

In 1827 Goethe wrote that translating labor was and remains one of the most important and worthy matters connecting the entire universe together. These words characterize translator as creative person who carries works beyond the limits of one national culture and who serves to people giving these fruits of this culture, created in new language form or vice versa, including achievements of other nations in his national science and culture. It is one of the evidences of the huge human role of translation in the history of human civilization.

Every national culture solving its problems carries its contribution in treasuring house of literature creating something that belongs only to it, has significance for all nations and proves that there are not small or big nations or inferior languages.

Extending of national culture confines with the help of translation has a great positive and enriching influence on the language. It is true that together with the translation many new ideas, discoveries, notions and so on penetrate in the language and it leads to the appearance of new language elements and figurative meanings. This fact is very important while translating from literary language that is not fully developed. Therefore the literary language enriches figurative possibilities, national culture, and spiritual development of this nation. Creative beginning of translation is premise of creative attitude to native language, its source of faith in its possibilities and beauty. Concerning this point the translator also has another task to defend his native speech from borrowings-parasites that clog and make it ugly, from strange forms that artificially could crowd out its own national coloring.

The task and mission of the translator especially the translator of feature literature is defense of the riches and beauty of the native language, its unlimited abilities to convey all that is kept in the greatest masterpieces of world literature.

Translated literature can also be the indicator of condition, degree of development of national language. Poetical translation of Shakespeare's works by Boris Pasternak that are very rich, refined and expressive in language might not appear if Russian language of his time remained on the same level of development. In this case concrete condition of our national language at the times of B. Pasternak can be put as condition and factor of development of poetical and translating talent and vice versa Pasternak's works are great contribution in the development of Russian language.

The level of translated literature, the quality of translation also assists to the development of national beginning in the literature of nation.

"National beginning of literature, - I. R. Beher wrote, - is defined with the fact of preservation, proceeding and creative development of other literatures. The choice of elements that adopt it from literature of other nations shows its own character and is judged if its indeed national originality no."

Bibliography.

Влахов С., Флорин С. Непереводимое в переводе. Реалии. "Министерство Перевода". Сборник статей. 1969. М., "Советский писатель", 1970.

Лилова А. Введение в общую теорию перевода. "Высшая школа" М., 1985.

Бархударов Я. С., Рецкер Я. И. Курс лекций по теории перевода. М., Изд-во I МГПИПЯ, 1968.

Комиссаров В. Н. Слово о переводе. М., "Международные отношнния". 1973.

Комиссаров В., Рецкер Я., Тархов В. Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский. Часть I М., Изд-во литературы на иностранных языках, 1960; Часть II М., "Высшая школа", 1965.

Левицкая Т.Р., Фитермян А. М. Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский. М., "Высшая школа", 1973.

Толстой С.С, Основы перевода английского языка на русский, М., 2957.

Фёдоров А.В. Русские писатели и проблемы перевода. Л., 1960.

Левик В. "Мастерство перевода", М., 1959.

Гачечиладзе Т. Художественный перевод и литературные взаимосвязи. М., "Советский писатель", 1972.

Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод. М., 1975.

Комиссаров В. Н. Теория перевода. М., "Высшая школа", 1990.

Фёдоров А. В. Основы общей теории перевода. - М., 1983.

Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода. - М., 1988.

Латышев Л.К. Курс перевода (эквивалентность перевода и способы её достижения). - М., 1981.

APPENDIX.

In the appendix the author of this course paper analyses the preservation of national coloring in the English novel written by Jane Austen Price and Prejudice translated into Russian and stories Chameleon and Yonich written by Anton Chekhov translaten into English. These both books are not the best example swhere the national colorin gexists. But it is possible to judge about the preservation of national coloring even basing on these books.

The preservation of English national coloring will be given at first.

`He came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.'

В понедельник он приезжал туда в карете, запряжённой четвёркой лошадей, осмотрел поместье и пришёл в такой восторг, что тут же условился обо всём с мистером Моррисом. Он приезжает к михайлову дню, и уже в конце будущей недели туда приедет кое-кто из его прислуги.

Here the English word Michaelmas means 29 September the feast of St. Michael and corresponds to “михайлов день” in Russian with only one difference that “михайлов день” is celebrated later in Russia because of difference in the calendars. It is possible to say that the national coloring is preserved because in English and Russian text there was not said the date but the name of the feast.

The ladies were somewhat more fortunate, for they had the advantage of ascertaining from an upper window, that he wore a blue coat and rode a black horse.

Дамы были несколько удачливей его: им посчастливилось увидеть из верхнего окна, что на нём был синий сюртук и что он приехал на вороной лошади.

Here the English word coat means outer garment with sleeves, buttoned in the front and corresponds to the Russian word сюртук that is also outer garment with sleeves, buttoned in the front and in Russian it has long laps. It is possible for the Russian reader to imagine what kind of garment Mr. Bingley wore.

Sir William Lucas had been formerly in trade in Meryton, where he had made a tolerable fortune and risen to the honor of knighthood by an address to the King , during his mayoralty.

Here the English phrase matrimonial affairs fully correspond to the Russian phrase матримониальные дела because the word matrimonial has Latin origin. Therefore it is possible to say about preservation of coloring in spite of its Latin origin.

Here the English word letter has not national coloring but in

the Russian translation it has historical coloring that is used

to convey the formality of this letter.

Now the author of this course paper would like to analyze the preservation of national coloring of Russian book by Anton Chechov translated into English. Here two of his stories Chameleon and Yonich are analyzed.

The author of this course paper took some examples to show where the national coloring is preserved and where it is not preserved. At first you will see the examples where the national coloring is preserved.

Очумелов пересёк базарную площадь.

Ochumelov crossed the market-place.

В этом человеке он узнал Хрюкина.

He recognized in this individual Khryukin.

Here the Russian surnames Ochumelov and Khryukin preserved their national coloring owing to footnotes in the English translation.

Доктор Старцев был назначен земским врачом.

Doctor Startsev was appointed Zemstvo medical officer.

Here the Russian word земский врач preserved its national coloring but the author of this course paper thinks that the translator should add a footnote with the explanation of this word.

Зато он охотно играл в винт.

But he played vint.

Here the national Russian game preserved its national coloring in the translation.

Now the author of this course paper analyses the non-preservation of national coloring.

За ним шагает городовой с решетом.

After him constable carried a sieve.

Here the Russian rank городовой does not preserve its national coloring in the English translation because городовой is lower rank in the city police in tsarist Russia and English constable is only a policemen.

Я ему покажу Кузькину мать!

I'll show him what's what!

Here the non-preservation of Russian coloring is clearly seen. The phrase показать Кузькину мать is very often used in the Russian language even now.

Сердиться, шельма…

The little rascal's angry.

Here the Russian word шельма is translated as little rascal. Шельма in Russian means rascal but in English even using word little the coloring is not completely conveyed because here Chekhov uses this word to show Ochumelov's tenderness towards this dog and he does not offence it.

Он цигаркой ей в харю…

He burned the end of his nose with lifted cigarette.

Here the Russian word цигарка is translated into English as lifted cigarette. Yes, цигарка is lifted cigarette but in the English translation the Russian historical and national coloring of this word is lost because now, for example, the word цигарка is not used any more but it is quite understandable for Russoan reader.

Цуцик этакий!

What a pup!

Pup in English is only a small little dog but in Russian цуцик besides these meaning also has a meaning of a person who feels cold and is affreid. So it is clearly seen that the national coloring was not preserved.

В губернском городе.

In a town.

Here is clearly seen the absence of the word губернский so the national coloring is not preserved and the author of this course paper thinks that the translator should explain the meaning of the word.

С полверсты он прошёл пешком.

The last part he went on foot.

Here the Russian measure of length верста is not translated at all. The author of this course paper thinks that the translator should use this word in the English translation and give its meaning in the footnote.

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