to interact -- взаимодействовать

to accomplish -- выполнять, достигать

weapon -- оружие

to replace -- замещать

Recycle Bin -- корзина

to crash -- ломаться, давать сбои

to remove -- удалять

co-workers -- коллеги, сослуживцы

rarely -- редко

to plug -- подключать

frequently -- часто

support -- поддержка

necessity -- необходимость

flash -- вспышка, зд. in a flash -- моментально

to give smth. a thought -- подумать о чем- либо

brand-name -- торговая марка

calm -- спокойный

shortcut -- кратчайший путь

to sacrifice -- жертвовать

advancement-- прогресс, продвижение

General understanding:

1) What is Windows 95?

2) What new principles are used in Windows 95?

3) What is a Recycle Bin feature?

4) What problems has Windows 95 solved?

5) Is it possible to run old DOS programs under Windows 95?

6) What is a «plug-n-play» capability?

7) What is a «shortcut» capability?

8) What is a «Find» feature?

9) Why many things work faster now with Windows 95?

Exercise 9.4. Which of the listed above statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

An «icon» is graphical image that represents file and its type.

Second button is not used in Windows 95 because most people use 1-button mouse.

3) There are no similarities between Macintosh and Windows 95 desktop tools.

4) Windows 95 has some tools which help to communicate with other people through computer network.

5) It's no longer possible to use MS-DOS commands and run MS-DOS files.

6) Microsoft corporation is oriented to produce as many programs as needed to meet people needs and make them buy specific brand- name products.

7) New plug-n-play capability is for those who like to play computer games 24 hours a day and seven days a week.

8) A new shortcut feature is used to cut long programs very short to save disk space.

9) New Find feature helps you to locate the contents of files.

10) It must be mentioned that all new Windows features are possible only because of the low level of performance and quality.

Exercise 9.5. Find the equivalents in the text:

1) Ваш компьютер вероятно будет давать меньше сбоев с Виндоуз 95, чем с более ранними версиями и даже ДОС.

2) Корпорация Майкрософт заявляет, что она делает все для того, чтобы приблизить время, когда мы все будем думать больше о наших данных, чем о конкретных «фирменных» программах, которые используются для создания этих данных.

3) Новая функция поиска позволяет обнаружить местоположение и исследовать содержимое файла в мгновение ока.

4) Большинство этих функций достигнута в ущерб производительности.

5) ДОС, каким мы его знаем, так хорошо запрятан, что вы редко думаете о его использовании.

6) В Виндоуз 95 существует инструмент Корзина, который позволяет легко восстанавливать случайно удаленные файлы.

7) Инструменты Рабочего Стола очень схож с инструментами Макинтоша.

8) Вторая кнопка мыши стала мощным оружием.

Exercise 9.6. What is:

1) window

2) icon

3) recycle bin

4) plug-and-play capability

5) shortcut feature

Exercise 9.7. Practice:

1) Start Windows 95. Empty the Recycle Bin. See the free diskspace on drives A and C. See the catalgue of disk C.

2) Resize, maximize and minimize the window. Close the window. Move it, holding the left button.

3) Create a folder COMPUTER. Copy any 2 filesinto it. Rename the folder. Delete two files into the Recycle Bin then recover them. Delete the whole folder.

4) Create a textual file in WordPad program. Save it as TEXT. Rename it as MYFILE. Create a shortcut for it. Put the shortcut on the DeskTOP.

5) Create a picture in Paintbrush program. Save it as MYPICTURE. Create folder PICTURES. Copy file MYPICTURE to the PICTURES folder.

6) QUIT Windows 95.

Questions for group discussion:

1) What are the poor features of Windows 95?

2) Computer society thinks, that Intel company, the most powerful CPU producer, has an agreement with Microsoft corporation that the latter will develop more and more sophisticated, large and demanding software to force users to buy new processors and upgrade their computers. Do you think this might be true? How does this suggestion correlate with the new Windows 2000 and Microsoft Office 2000? Do you think that Bill Gates' monopoly on Windows operating systems is very dangerous for the competition and price-making process?

3) Ask anyone in the group who has a computer if Windows 98 is better than Windows 2000? Why and why not?

Text C: «INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET»

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

Vocabulary:

World Wide Web -- «Всемирная Паутина»

to retrieve -- извлекать

variety -- разнообразие, спектр

recreation -- развлечение

network -- сеть

to share -- делить

humanities -- гуманитарные науки

business transactions -- коммерческие операции

access -- доступ

to browse -- рассматривать, разглядывать

browser -- браузер (программа поиска информации)

to provide -- обеспечивать (чем-либо)

provider -- провайдер (компания, предоставляющая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети)

broadcast live -- передавать в прямом эфире site -- страница, сайт

to link -- соединять

hyperlink -- гиперссылка

to compete -- соревноваться

General understanding:

1) What is Internet used for?

2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?

3) What is World Wide Web?

4) What is Web browser?

5) What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?

6) What are hyperlinks?

7) What resources are available on the WWW?

8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?

Exercise 9.8. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) There are still not so many users of the Internet.

2) There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecasts.

3) People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.

4) Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.

5) You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.

6) You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a WWW user.

7) You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.

8) Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the 'eh he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses.

9) Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.

10) Radio and TV-broadcasting is a future of Internet. They're not available yet.

Exercise 9.9. Define the following using the vocabulary:

1) Internet

2) World Wide Web

3) Web browser

4) Internet provider

5) Hyperlinks

Exercise 9.10. Find the equivalents:

1) Объем ресурсов и услуг, которые являются частью WWW, растет чрезвычайно быстро.

2) Каждая ссылка, выбранная вами представляет документ, графическое изображение, видеоклип или аудио файл где-то в Интернет.

3) Интернет может быть также использован для целей развлечения.

4) Вы получаете доступ к ресурсам Интернет через интерфейс или инструмент, который называется веб-браузер.

5) Вся эта деятельность возможна благодаря десяткам тысяч компьютерных сетей, подключенных к Интернет и обменивающихся информацией в одном режиме.

6) Пользователи общаются через электронную почту, дискуссионные группы, чэт-каналы (многоканальный разговор в реальном времени) и другие средства информационного обмена.

Exercise 9.11. Match the following:

1) You access the information through one interface or tool called a...

2) People connected to the WWW through the local... have access to a variety of information.

3) The user doesn't need to know where the site is, the... follows the...

4) In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the...

5) Each... provides a graphical interface.

6) Local... charge money for their services to access... resources.

Words to match with:

1) web browser, providers, link, WWW,

Questions for group discussion:

1) Some people think that Internet is very harmful, especially for young people, because it carries a lot of information about sex, drugs, violence and terrorism. Do you think that some kind of censorship is necessary on the WWW?

2) World famous authors and publishers say that the Internet violates their copyright because Web-programmers put all kinds of books, pictures, music, films and programs free on the Internet and this reduces their sales and profits.

3) Has anyone in your group experience working on the Internet? Ask them 1) about the difficulties they had; 2) useful information retrieved; 3) fun they got? Why so few people have experience working on the Internet?

FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Bill Gates

William Henry Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1955.

He is an American business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation. Gates was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Alien, his partner in computer language development. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates together with Alien developed a version of the BASIC computer programming language for the first personal computer.

In the early 1980s. Gates led Microsoft's evolution from the developer of computer programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer in 1981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application software such as the Microsoft Word processor.

Much of Gates' success is based on his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy. Although Gates has accumulated great wealth from his holdings of Microsoft stock, he has been known as a tough competitor who seems to value winning in a competitive environment over money. Gates still continues to work personally in product development at Microsoft.

1. ALLOYS

Bronze and brass, the first alloys in the history of metallurgy, were probably obtained by man accidentally when melting mixed metal ores. Much later alloys of iron were obtained.

Steel was made in small quantities in early times until the mid-19th century when it was manufactured on a large scale in the iron and steel industry.

The commercial production of pure aluminium in about 1890 began a new range of alloys and among them duralumin, an alloy of about 94 per cent aluminium, with small quantities of copper, manganese, magnesium, and silicon. Most of aluminium alloys are both light and strong.

Nickel is often mixed with other metals for special purposes: permalloy is a nickel-iron alloy that is magnetically soft. The polarity of its magnetic field can be easily changed and it is used for transformer cores. Monel metals contain about two parts nickel to one part copper, plus other elements. They are stronger than nickel and extremely corrosion-resistant. These properties make them useful in chemical production.

Electrum is a natural or artificial alloy of gold and silver containing 15-45 per cent of silver. It was used in the ancient world for coinage.

Bismuth is frequently used as a part of alloys with low melting-points. Today alloys can be designed for particular applications with certain properties.

2. MANUFACTURING OF PLASTICS

The manufacture of plastic and plastic products involves procuring the raw materials, synthesizing the basic polymer, compounding the polymer into a material useful for fabrication, and moulding or shaping the plastic into its final form.

Raw Materials

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