After verbs of mental activity the Perfect Infinitive is used but seldom.

The doctor found his heart to have stopped two hours before. (Hardy)

Доктор установил, что его сердце перестало биться два часа тому назад.

Note, -- With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive.

Boldwood thought her beautiful. (Hardy)

She found the subject rather interesting (Dickens)

You consider yourself an impressive person, eh? (Shaw)

3. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report.

The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.

Врач сказал, что рана легкая.

She declared him to be the most disobedient child in existence.

Она заявила, что это самый непослушный ребенок на свете.

4. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting wish and intention: `to want', `to wish', `to desire', `to mean', `to intend', `to choose' (in the meaning of 'хотеть').

I want you to come and dine with me. (Dickens)

Я хочу, чтобы вы пришли пообедать со мной.

I particularly wished those books to be returned to-night. (Dickens)

Я очень хотел, чтобы эти книги были возвращены сегодня.

She desired me to follow her upstairs. (Ch. Bronte)

Она велела, чтобы я пошла за ней наверх.

5. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs and expression denoting feeling and emotion: `to like', `to dislike', `to love', `to hate', `cannot bear', etc.

I dislike you to talk like that.

Я не люблю, когда вы так говорите.

I hate him to be flogged. (E. Bronte)

Я терпеть не могу, когда его бьют.

I cannot bear you to speak of that. (Eliot)

Я не могу выносить, когда вы говорите об этом.

6. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc.

Here we find the Objective with the Infinitive only if the object is expressed by a noun or pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive. This restriction does not apply to the verbs to suffer and to have.

Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning. (Dickens)

Мистер Мердль приказал, чтобы экипаж был готов рано утром.

She ... had never allowed the name of John Gordon to pass her lips. (Trollope)

Она никогда не позволяла себе произносить имя Джона Гордона.

Не ordered the boy to be put to bed. The teacher ordered the room to be aired.

After such verbs as "to order" and "to allow" the Infinitive in the Active Voice can be used only when these verbs are followed by an object denoting a person who is ordered or allowed to do something.

The dean allowed the secretary to change the time-table.

Here we find two direct objects and not the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.

Such sentences as "the dean ordered to change the time-table" are impossible in English whereas in Russian they are widely used.

"Декан разрешил изменить расписание".

So when translating such sentences into English we use the objective with the Infinitive Construction where the Infinitive is in the Passive Voice.

The dean allowed the time-table to be changed.

Mr. Dombey suffered Florence to play with Paul.

Мистер Домби неохотно разрешил (позволил скрепя сердце) Флоренс играть с Полем.

She suffered Mr. Franklin to lead her back into the room. (Collins)

Она позволила мистеру Франклину отвести себя обратно в комнату.

From these examples we see that the verb to suffer, when followed by the Objective with the Infinitive, is rendered in affirmative sentences by `неохотно разрешить', `позволить' (скрепя сердце). In negative sentences it is rendered by `допускать'. The verb to have denotes permission only in negative sentences; it is very close in meaning to the verb to suffer and is translated in the same way.

7. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs denoting compulsion: to make (in the meaning of 'заставить'). to cause (in the meaning of 'заставить', 'распорядиться'), to get (in the meaning of 'добиться'), to have (in the meaning of 'заставить; сказать чтобы').

Light steps in the gravel made him turn his head. (London)

Легкие шаги по гравию заставили его повернуть голову.

The noise caused her to awake.

От шума она проснулась (шум заставил ее проснуться).

Site caused a telegram to be sent to him. (Galsworthy)

Она распорядилась, чтобы ему послали телеграмму.

8. Though the infinitive as a rule is not used with verbs requiring prepositions, the Objective with the Infinitive is widely used with the preposition `for'.

Occasionally it occurs with the preposition on or upon (after the verb to rely).

I rely on you to come in time.

Я рассчитываю, что вы придете вовремя.

I rely upon you not to go over to the opposition. (Dickens)

Я рассчитываю, что вы не перейдете на сторону противника.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction (traditionally called the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.

The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.

Edith is said to resemble me. (Dickens)

Говорят, что Эдит похожа на меня.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice:

1. With verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, etc.

Mr. Bob Sawyer was heard to laugh heartily. (Dickens)

Слышно было, как смеется Боб Сойер.

The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.

Видно было, как всадник скрылся вдали.

If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.

Tess's father was heard approaching at that moment. (Hardy)

В этот момент они услышали, что подходит отец Тэсс.

2. With verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to knew, to expect, to believe, to suppose.

He was thought to be honest and kindly. (Dreiser)

Его считали честным и добрым человеком.

My father ... was considered by many to be a great man. (Gow and D'Usseau)

Многие считали моего отца незаурядным человеком.

3. With the verb to make.

Little Abraham was aroused... and made to put on his clothes ... (Hardy)

Маленького Эбрахама разбудили и заставили одеться.

4. With Verbs to say and to report.

The gods had given Irene dark-brown eyes and golden hair, which is said to be the mark of a weak character. (Galsworthy)

Боги наделили Ирэн темно-карими глазами и золотистыми волосами, что, как говорят, является признаком слабости характера.

From these examples we can see that in translating sentences containing the Subjective Infinitive Construction after verbs in the Passive Voice a complex sentence is mostly used: its principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called 'indefinite personal' (неопределенно-личное предложение).

After verbs in the Passive Voice the Subjective Infinitive-Construction is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style, except with the verbs to suppose, to expect, to make; with these verbs the Subjective Infinitive can be found both in fiction and in colloquial language.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the word-groups to be likely, to be sure, and to be certain.

The parish is not likely to quarrel with him for the right to keep the child. (Eliot)

Приход вряд ли будет оспаривать у него право содержать этого ребенка.

Sentences of this kind are rendered in Russian by a simple sentence with a modal word. Note the difference between:

He is sure to come.

Он обязательно придет.

He is sure of coming.

Он уверен, что он придет.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following pairs of synonyms: to seem and to appear; to happen and to chance (the latter is literary); to prove and to turn out.

They seemed to have quite forgotten him already. (Hardy)

Они, казалось (по-видимому), уже совершенно забыли его.

Her eyes appeared always to gaze beyond, and far beyond. (E. Bronte)

Ее глаза, казалось, всегда были устремлены куда-то далеко-далеко.

Mrs. Cowperwood, in spite of the difference in their years, appeared to be a fit mate for him at this time. (Dreiser)

Несмотря на разницу в возрасте, миссис Каупервуд в этот период его жизни, по-видимому (казалось), была для ,него подходящей женой.

The infinitive in sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction cannot refer to a future action except with verbs and word-groups whose meaning allows of it: to expect, to be sure (certain), to be likely.

We are sure to come at the heart of the matter. (Dickens)

Мы обязательно доберемся до сути дела.

Не is expected to give us an answer to-morrow.

Ожидают, что он даст нам ответ завтра.

The for-to-Infiriitive Construction.

The for-to-lnfinitive Construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition for.

In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used.

The construction can have different functions in the sentence. It can be:

1. Subject (often with the introductory it).

For me to ask would be treason, and for me to be told would be treason. (Wilson)

Если бы я спросила, это было бы предательством; если бы мне сказали, это было бы предательством.

I sometimes think it is a shame for people to spend so much money this way. (Dreiser)

Я часто думаю, что стыдно людям тратить на это так много денег.

2. Predicative.

That was for him to find out. (Eliot)

Выяснить это должен был он.

3. Complex object.

Me waited for her to speak. (Hardy)

Он ждал, когда она заговорит.

He asked for the papers to be- brought.

Он попросил принести бумаги.

I am very anxious for Mr. Headstone to succeed in all he undertakes. (Dickens)

Мне очень хочется, чтобы мистеру Хедстону удавалось все, за что он берется.

4. Attribute.

The best thing for you to do is to bide here with your load. I'll send somebody to help you. (Hardy)

Самое лучшее, что вы можете сделать, -- это подождать здесь с вашей поклажей. Я пришлю кого-нибудь помочь вам.

There was really nothing for him to do but what he had done. (Dreiser)

Ему действительно ничего не оставалось делать, кроме того, что он сделал (единственное, что ему оставалось сделать, было то, что он сделал).

5. Adverbial modifier:

(a) of purpose.

Here's the thermometer: they've left it for the doctor to see instead of shaking it down. (Shaw)

Вот термометр; его не стряхнули, чтобы доктор мог посмотреть температуру.

Не stepped aside for me to pass. (Du Marnier)

Он отошел в сторону, чтобы я могла пройти.

(b) of result.

The pleasure of accompanying you was too great a temptation for me to resist. (Collins)

Удовольствие сопровождать вас было так велико, что я не мог ему противиться.

But he had consented, and it was too late for him now to recede. (Trollope)

Но он уже дал согласие, и теперь было поздно отступать.

With the expressions to be sorry, to be glad the infinitive is used only if the subject of the sentence represents at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the infinitive.

1 am glad (pleased) to have got a ticket for the concert.

I am glad to have seen you. (Dreiser)

I am very sorry to have done a man wrong, particularly when it can't be undone. (Dickens)

In other cases a clause is used with to be glad and to be sorry.

I am glad you got a ticket for the concert.

2.2.3 Syntax and Semantics of Participles

Participle I

Participle I as an attribute.

Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие.

The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.

Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.

We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.

Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе.

In some cases Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause.

He came back and stood --resolute on the steps leading down to the street. (Cusack)

Он вернулся и стоял в нерешительности на лестнице, которая вела на улицу.

In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in preposition and in postposition, i.e. it can precede the noun it modifies, and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.

The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy)

Привратник смотрел на удалявшийся экипаж.

Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words.

They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius. (Hichens)

Они пообедали на террасе, выходившей к Везувию.

Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill, the July sunlight at five o'clock fell just where the broad staircase turned. (Galsworthy)

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