Type of expenditure

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

In billions of rubles (nominal)
Total state expenditures

386.5

417.1

430.9

459.5

482.6

488.2

Consumer subsidies

58.0

65.6

69.8

89.8

100.7

110.5

Food subsidies

56.0

58.0

64.9

66.0

87.7

95.7

Social insurance and health care

83.6

89.3

94.5

102.5

105.5

117.2

As percent of GNPConsumer subsidies

7.5

8.2

8.5

10.3

10.9

11.6

Social insurance and health care

10.7

11.2

11.5

11.7

11.4

12.3

Source: Anders Aslund, "Gorbachev, Perestroyka, and Economic Crisis," Problems of Communism, vol. 40, nos. 1-2, Jan.-Apr. 1991, p. 25
a. Estimated figures.
Authors' Source: Linda J. Cook. 1995 The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed p. 148